Written while Bahrdt spend time in prison.

The poem was dated by Blake 1790, but until recently various critics have believed that he did not finish etching the plates for this work until 1792 or alternately 1793; recent evidence confirms the 1790 date.

Posthumous. Brooke died in 1789 and is buried in Sleaford, Lincolnshire.

Published in 5 volumes. Bruce was a member, as was Boswell, of the Canongate Kilwining Lodge No 2, the most powerful lodge in Britain. Bruce started his voyage in search of the Nile in 1762: via a consulship in Algiers and a visit to the Red Sea, Bruce reached his destination in Abyssinia in 1770. Bruce returned to Europe in 1773.

The Travels were an instant bestseller and may have inspired Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan”.

Burke wrote the Reflections after hearing the celebrated sermon by the Protestant dissenter Richard Price, The Love of Our Country, which welcomed the Revolution. Published in November, it sold 30,000 copies and went through eleven editions in little over a year. Burke was praised by Catherine the Great and his work found many imitators abroad.

“But the age of chivalry is gone. - That of sophisters, oeconomists, and calculators, has succeeded; and the glory of Europe is extinguished for ever.”

A formulation of Moderate policy for the Société de 1789 and awarded a medal by the king of Poland.

An essay on plant morphology which made advances on Carolus Linnaeus's system of taxonomic classification.

Published posthumously but written in 1765.

Published between 1790 and 1792, and translated in 1803, the Letters consist of an account of Karamzin's travels in Western Europe and included a fascinating interview with Kant.

A critique of Kantian philosophy, in particular, of the incompatibility of consciousness which can apprehend but which is distinct from the thing-in-itself.

Malone's edition, which included an essay on the chronology of the plays, became hugely influential.

Work published in 2 volumes and including criticism of David Hume's essay on suicide.

A work which aimed to demonstrate the improbability of the hypothesis that New Testament is a “cunningly devised fable”.

Rivarol “was educated by and for the church, but forsook his ecclesiastical career and in 1777 reached Paris, where his erudition, wit, and talents as a conversationalist made him welcome in polite society. Though a freethinker and critical of Louis XVI, he remained faithful to the monarchy, campaigning against the Revolution in the Royalist press. . . . Prudently, he emigrated in 1792, living successively in Brussels, London, Hamburg, and Berlin, where he died on April 11, 1801”. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

Smellie caused much controversary when he questioned Linnaeus' claims regarding the sexuality of plants.

A response to Burke’s conservative reaction to the French Revolution.

Bahrdt's autobiography, written while he served time in prison.

Published 16 May, second edition, July 1793.

Includes an Epistle entitled "Infidelity" which attacks Voltaire, Rousseau, and Hume.

Two plays produced in Paris with F.J. Talma. Talma (1763-1826) made his debut at the Comédie Française on 21 November 1787 as Seide in Voltaire’s Mahomet. Influenced by his friend the painter David, he became one of the first actors to wear historical costumes when he appeared in Roman toga and head-dress in the small role of Proculus in Voltaire’s Brutus.

Chamfort was elected to the Academy in 1781.

Includes criticism of David Hume and James Beattie.

Essays on historical figures from ancient Greece to the 17th century.

Published between and 1791 and 1792, an account of Forster's journey down the Rhine with Alexander von Humboldt down the Rhine between March and July 1790.

The most popular of Gouges' thirty plays

A critique of the Déclaration des droits de l'homme. Gouges was influenced by Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Condorcet's Sur l'admission des femmes aux droits de cité (On the Admission of Women to the Rights of Citizenship, 1790), and her Déclaration has been taken as a response to the Jacobin government's denial of equal rights to women. She was a friend of both Louis-Sébastien Mercier and Condorcet. Imprisoned for her criticisims of Robespierre and Marat and convicted of treason she was guillotined in November 1793.

Hays was born into a family of Rational Dissenters. Her Remarks include an attack on the established church.

The Limits of State Action appeared between 1791 and 1792.

A Simple Story may have inspired Jane Austen to write Jane Eyre.

Part I appeared on 13 March 1791 and Part II on 17 February 1792. Numerous copies of Rights of Man were circulated among the common people by the Society for Constitutional Information and London Constitutional Society. Pitt privately admitted the correctness of some of Paine’s arguments, but he feared the masses would be incited by Paine to a “a bloody revolution” and had him incited for treason. Paine escaped to France and was triumphantly elected to the Revolutionary French Convention. By the end of 1793, 50,000 copies of Part I and 150,000 copies of Part II of The Rights Of Man have been sold in England. Joseph Johnson the original publisher escaped prosecution for publishing the work by withdrawing Part 1 within hours of it going on sale

An English translation English translation of Pistorius’s 1772 German translation of David Hartley’s Observations (1748).

Published in three volumes between 1791 and 1792. The novel is based on Post's brothers life in Guyana.

Justine, ou les malheurs de la vertu was a reworked version of Les Infortunes de la Vertu.

Published to mark Louis XVI and Marie-Antionette attempted escape from Paris in June 1791. Sade accused the King of betraying the trust of the French people. "France can never be ruled except by a king. But the king's rule must be agreed to by a free people, and he must remain faithful to their law."

Influential pamphlet - its sales nearly equalled Thomas Paine's Rights of Man - published under the signature "A Northern Whig". It led to the foundation of the Society of United Irishmen, later to become Ireland's first republican movement.

Volney was a pen-name compounded from Voltaire and Ferney.

Volney's most famous work.

"There is no place in the world, where a man may have more according to his own mind, of even his whims, than in London." (Quoted in Roy Porter, Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World, (2000), London, p. 492.)

An early attempt to defend the concept of human rights.

The last of the Figaro trilogy.

Unpublished essay dating from October 1792. “Is our century a century of light? . . . The progress of reason must be measured according to the increase or decrease in the knowledge of God; and this knowledge is brought to perfection through revelation . . . When reason renounces Jesus Christ and revelation it plunges into the most terrible darkness. So far a nation had never been seen to fall so generally into such extreme blindness . . . the pride of nonbelievers is a mark of how extremely they are blinded.” Charrière also wrote Commentaire de l'Apocalypse (Commentary on the Apocalypse).

Feder was a critic of Kant

Fichte’s first work, published anonymously in Konigsberg, was mistakenly attributed to Kant. It espoused the sovereignty of the moral sphere, on the strength of which he gained a chair at Jena.

Includes an attack on David Hume's views on determinism.

Published anonymously, a work in which Hippel argues for total economic and civil freedom for women. Although Nature had created women as free human being, men had turned them into ‘slaves’; social conventions having convinced both men and women that female inferiority reflected natural conditions. Even the French revolutionary constitution of 1791, which denied women citizenship, had failed to raise women above their criminalized status. Women must be freed in order that one might “raise citizens for the state without regard to differences in gender”, so that “the wall that divides us” might be demolished and “all will return to Nature’s order”.

Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel 1741-1796. German writer. Mayor of Königsberg (1780 ff.); friend of Kant. Author of novels Lebensläufe nach aufsteigender Linie (1778-81), Kreuz- und Querzüge des Ritters A bis Z (1793-94), essays Über die Ehe (1774), (1792), etc.

Holcroft’s most successful play, staged at Covent Garden.

An autobiography edited for Maimon by Karl Philipp Moritz. In 1770 Maimon confounded his coreligionists by writing a commentary on Maimonides’s Guide of the Perplexed. Maimon’s esteem for Maimonides was such that he took the surname Maimon instead of the original patronymic Ben Joshua.

Juliette was published in ten volumes; the first four volumes included The New Justine, after Justine (1791), the second of Sade's reworking of the The Misfortunes of Virtue.Juliette was published in ten volumes with a hundred illustrations; the first four volumes included The New Justine, after Justine (1791), the second of Sade's reworking of the The Misfortunes of Virtue. After the Directorate instituted a coup d'état against the French Republic in September 1792 Sade sent five specially bound copies of his novel to members of the Directorate. Sade always denied that he was the author of Juliette. On 18 August 1800, Justine was seized by the police due to the offensive nature of this edition's illustrations.

Published in November 1792.

Based on the innocent love of a man for a married woman, Desmond was accused of immorality. Its political ideals, based on those of the French Revolution, were also attacked.

Stewart’s first and most important work. He published a second volume in 1814 and a third and final volume of the work in 1827.

Consists of a direct challenge to Rousseau’s assumptions of feminine inferiority.

Pamphlet in which Beaumarchais, as commissionaire extraordinaire for the republic, defended, after being tricked by his enemies, his attempt to gain possession of 60,000 muskets stored in Holland after they had be laid down by combatants in the Brabant revolt, which had been crushed by Austria.

Published with commentaries, the translation established Friedrich Gentz (1764-1832) as a European celebrity and made him decide to become a political writer. Between 1794 and 1797, Gentz translated and commented on several more anti-revolutionary works, such as those by J. Mallet du Pan, J.J. Mounier and F. d’Ivernois.

Crombie’s first book. “.... a clear and judicious one. He argues that no metaphysical argument such as Clarke’s, and no metaphysical principle such as Reid’s common sense, can of itself prove the existence of God.” McCosh, The Scottish Philosophy.

Published in February; in May Frend is tried by a University Court and banished from Cambridge.

Pit the Younger decided the book was too expensive to be dangerous. Godwin was married to Mary Wollstonecraft, and Shelley became his son-in-law.

“Is it well that so large a part of the community should be kept in abject penury, rendered stupid with ignorance, and disgustful with vice, perpetuated in nakedness and hunger, goaded to the commission of crimes, and made victims to the merciless laws which the rich have instituted to oppress them? Is it sedition to enquire whether this state of things may not be exchanged for a better?” (Bk.V, ch.13)

Inspired by Mary Wollstonecraft, whom she met, Hays set out to describe the "mental bondage" that blighted the lives of women.

A work which caused problems with the repressive religious censorship of Fredrick William II of Prussia.

Published between 1793 and 1799.

“People talk a lot about Enlightenment and ask for more light. But my God, what good is all that light, if people either have no eyes, or if those who do have eyes, resolutely keep them shut?”.

“All the mischief in the world may be put down to the general, indiscriminate veneration of old laws, old customs and old religion.”

“A book is a mirror: if an ass peers in, you can’t expect an apostle to look out.”

Sade's famous funeral address on behalf of the Section des Piques.

Includes a critique of Paine's Rights of Man

A novel admired by Leigh Hunt.

Considered Smith’s finest novel.

Entitled in response to Burke’s use of the phrase "the swinish multitude" to describe the lower classes).

Professor of chemistry (1764), regius professor of divinity (1771), Cambridge, Watson also served as bishop of Llandaff (1782). He made a discovery in 1772 leading to black-bulb thermometer; also investigated volume and freezing rates of saline solutions. Watson defended Christianity against Edward Gibbon and Bible against Tom Paine.

Posthumous, orginally entitled A Plea for the Poor.

Published on 26 February.

An account of England based on Archenholtz’s visit to the country in 1789.

Published between 1794 and 1796, Zoonomia anticipated some of the evolutionary theories of Jean Baptiste Lamarck. Darwin was the first to propose a theory of the development of life free from the hand of a Creator: "would it be too bold to imagine perhaps millions of ages before the commencement of the history of mankind . . . that all warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament, which THE FIRST CREAT CAUSE endowed with animality, with the power of acquiring new parts, attended with new propensities . . . delivering down those improvements by generation to its posterity, world without end?"

Godwin’s best-known novel, written to demonstrate how the power for injustice is endemic within the privileged classes.

The biography was planned to be part of the 1788 edition of Warburton’s Works.

"Apprenticed to a cobbler, Lackington became a Methodist and set about educating himself, going without food to buy books. In 1774 he moved to London, working as a cobbler. On his first London Christmas he went to get Christmas dinner - but bought instead a copy of Edward Young's Night Thoughts (1742-5). Becoming a bookseller and selling with small profits, he increased the value of his stock to £25 within six months. In 1779, he published his first catalogue, listing a stock of 12,000 volumes. By the 1790s, when his annual sales were counted in tens of thousands of volumes, he proclaimed: "I found the whole of what I am possessed of, in Small Profits, bound by Industry, and clasped by Economy". (Roy Porter, Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World, 2000, p.507)

Published in five instalments. Lichtenberg was one of the sharpest German observers of English society.

Malesherbes came out of retirement in December 1792 to offer his services to Louis XVI during his trial before the Convention and broke the news to the King of his impending execution. He was himself arrested in December 1793 and condemned for counter-revolutionary activities. On 22 April 1794 he was guillotined with his daughter and grandchildren. The Mémoire was the first of his posthumous publications.

Malesherbes was Directeur de la Librairie between 1750 and 1763. As director of the book trade he acted as chief censor; after a book was submitted to him he choose a censor; on the censor’s report the director gave or refused permission to print, or stipulated alterations. Even after these requirements had been meet, a book could become liable to a decree of the royal council, a decree of the parlament, or else a lettre-de-cachet might send the author to the Bastille.

After Lord Shelburne saw Malesherbes, he wrote, “I have seen for the first time in my life what I never thought could exist - a man whose soul is absolutely free from hope or fear, and yet who is full of life and ardour”. (Mdlle. l’Espinasse’s Letters.)

Published in France, Part I, 1794 and Part II, 1796. Paine explained that he wrote the work “lest in the general wreck of superstition” in France “we lose sight of morality, of humanity, and of the theology that is true”; a theology, that is, which can prove the existence of a divine designer by the mechanistic design of the universe. Paine’s defence of a rationalistic deism against orthodox Christianity resulted in a loss of his popularity in England and America. Opponents of political reform falsely accused him atheism, and along with his hostile Letter to Washington (1796) enabled the U.S. Federalists to make a scapegoat of Paine in a vain attempt to undermine his friend Thomas Jefferson.

A book which, aiming to refute the deists, became compulsory reading for entrance to Cambridge University until the 20^th century. It was suspected to harbour unitarian tendencies.

A novel for which Post was charged with a breach of decorum because of her avowals of affection for her younger husband.

Although Robespierre referred to the encyclopédistes as part of the ‘preface’ to the Revolution he also claimed “that sect, in matters of politics, always remained below the rights of the people, and in matters of ethics it went far beyond the destruction of religious prejudices. Its coryphees sometimes disclaimed against despotism, and they were pensioned by despots”.

A popular stage Rowson wrote after he move to America in 1793.

An English translation appeared in 1884.

Published posthumously. Chamfort decided in 1784 that he would never publish his Maximes et anecdotes, and stuck by this decision practically until his death in 1794. “He gave the ironic title of Products of the Perfected Civilization to this tome of human error - mistakenly retitled Maximes, pensées, caractères et anecdotes by the French publishers. A book without end, a repeated knock on the wall of prejudices, a pointless indictment - like all previous writing against the eternal and ever-changing civilization of phoniness.” (Arnaud, Chamfort: a biography, p.118.)

(Philosophy has) “a lot of drugs, very few good remedies, and almost no specfic cures.”

“The most wasted day of all is that in which we have not laughed.”

“The public! How many fools does it take to make a public?”

“I would say of metaphysicians what Scaliger said of the Basques: they are said to understand each other, but I do not believe it.”

Composed while in hiding between July 1793 and March 1794, and after Condorcet’s defence of his liberal constitution for the new republic brought him into conflict with the Jacobins, the Sketch was published posthumously. Captured in 1794, Condorcet died during his first night in prison.

In hidding, Condorcet also wrote other works, including Avis d’un père proscrit à sa fille.

“. . . not only equality of right, but equality of fact, is the goal of the social art.”

“This contemplation is for him a refuge into which the rancour of his persecutors can never follow him; in which, living in thought with man reinstated in the rights and the dignity of his nature, he forgets man tormented and corrupted by greed, by base fear, by envy; it is here that he truly abides with his fellows, in an elysium that his reason has known how to create for itself, and that his love for humanity adorns with all purest delights.”

“. . . if everything tells us that mankind should no longer fall back into its former barbarism; if everything must reassure us against that pusillanimous and corrupt system that condemns mankind to eternal oscillations between truth and error, liberty and servitude, we see at the same time that the light occupies only a small part of the globe, and the number of those who really possess light disappears before the mass of men delivered over to prejudices and ignorance. We see vast countries groaning in slavery, and offering a spectacle of nations, in one place degraded by the vices of a civilization whose corruption slows down its march, in another place still vegetating in the infancy of its first epochs. We see that the labours of these last ages have done a great deal for the progress of the human spirit, but little for the perfection of the human species; much for the glory of man, something for his freedom, but still almost nothing for his happiness. In a few areas our eyes are struck with a dazzling light; but heavy shadows still cover an immense horizon. The soul of the philosopher rests with consolation on a small number of objects; but the spectacle of stupidity, slavery, extravagance, barbarism, afflicts him still more often, and the friend of manking can taste unmixed pleasure only by surrendering to the sweet hopes of the future.”

“ . . . Either no individual of the human species has real rights, or all have the same rights, and anyone who votes against the right of another, whatever his religion, his colour or his sex, has henceforth renounced his own.”

“I shall perish like Socrates and Sidney”. (A fragment from the last days of Condorcet’s life).

Letters in which Edgeworth parodies those men who opposed the education of women. In the “Letter from a Gentleman to his friend upon the birth of a daughter” she writes, “Literary ladies will, I am afraid, be losers in love as well as in friendship, by their superiority - . . . gentlemen are not apt to admire a prodigious quantity of learning and masculine acquirements in the far sex.”

In France during the 1770s and 80s a number of medieval vernacular texts, dealing with Charlemagne were repackaged and published for a popular audience. The most well-known was the Old French vernacular verse-epic Chanson de Roland in which Charlemagne remains the focus of ‘French’ identity. In the Chevaliers Charlemagne emerges as a model of reason, a great king, a democrat and a good family man. The work met with instant success. De Genlis served as governess to the children of the duc d’Orléans and went on the become an inspector of primary schools under Napoleon.

Provided the model of the Bildungsroman.

A work in which the commonwealth of reason is based on the rights of man.

An eulogy in favour of the English constitution.

A plea for religious toleration and diversity.

The last of Sade's writings of which he denied authorship; the title page informed readers that it was published in London and a posthumously published work by the author of Justine.

Sade's "philosophical novel", written between 1785 and 1788 during his imprisonment in the Bastille. It was published in eight volumes in 1795 after the printing had been interrupted by the arrest and execution of its printer, Girouard.

A translation appeared in 1861.

A fervently royalist work condemned by the Directory.

Published between 1796 and 1797, Letters in which Burke voice his opposition to any recognition of the French government.

Burke's answer to the Duke of Bedford who attacked Burke for having accepted a large pension from the King.

Used later as the basis of the Code Napoléon

Memoir Cobbett published in Philadelphia under his favourite pen-name. Cobbet defends himself against the libel that he had “taken French leave, the leave of the runaway, a thief, a Tom Paine”, when he crossed the Channel in 1792. He denied that he wrote from hostility to the French people: “I went to that country full of all the prejudices that Englishmen suck in with their mother’s milk, against the French and against their religion; a few weeks convinced me that I had been deceived with respect to both. I met everywhere with civility or even hospitality, in a degree that I had never been accustomed to. I found the people, excepting those who were already blasted with the principles of the accursed revolution, honest, pious and kind to excess.”

These poems were published at about the same time that Coleridge met Wordsworth.

First issue published on 1 March; it runs until 13 May. Motto: "That All may know the TRUTH/And that the TRUTH may make us FREE!"

Published on 16 April.

Posthumous publication

Posthumous publication.

Children’s stories.

Published in 2 volumes. Put together from fragments and edited by Lord Sheffield after Gibbon’s death in 1794, the Memoirs, more commonly known as the Autobiography, are thought by some critics to be superior in style to the Decline and Fall.

“My temper is not very susceptible of enthusiasm, and the enthusiasm which I do not feel I have ever scorned to affect. But at the distance of twenty-five years I can neither forget nor express the strong emotions which agitated my mind as I first approached and entered the Eternal City. After a sleepless night I trod, with a lofty step, the ruins of the Forum; each memorable spot where Romulus stood, or Tully spoke, or Caesar fell, was at once present to my eye, and several days of intoxication were lost or enjoyed before I could descend to a cool and minute investigation.”

“It was at Rome, on the 15^th of October 1764, as I sat musing amid the ruins of the Capitol, while the barefooted friars were singing vespers in the temple of Jupiter, that the idea of writing the decline and fall of the city started to my mind.”

Not a translation but a satire of British society through the eyes of the fictional character of the titular Indian Rajah.

Coleridge and Elizabeth Hamilton attacked Hays’ fictional work for being heavily autobiographical. The Memoirs is an honest account of a woman who fails to win the love of the man she desires (in real life, William Frend).

Nicknamed ‘Monk’ Lewis after gothic novel The Monk, which influenced by Ann Radcliffe and German literature, was attacked as profane and indecent and prompt the Attorney General to issue an indictment against the novel. Educated at Westminster school and Christ Church, Oxford, Lewis served as attaché to the embassy at The Hague and was an MP from 1796 to 1802. In 1812 he inherited a large fortune, and on 14 May, 1818, he died of yellow fever, caught while visiting his estates in Jamaica. The posthumous Journal of a West Indian Proprietor (1834), includes a report of Lewis’s tours of inquiry into the treatment of slaves on West India estates.

“Lewis’ work has no great literary merit, but is interesting as an outstanding example of the popular and influential Gothic vogue.” (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1969)

Posthumous publication.

Published in London. Nitsch, a German from Königsberg, had spent about three years in London, where he gave courses of lessons on Kant’s philosophy. In this work, “the author expounded Kant’s system in its two parts, the theoretical and the practical, according to the method of exposition derived from Reinhold, in particular from Versuch but also from the Briefe. His dependence on Reinhold’s Versuch is evident also in the content. Nitsch himself admitted this both in the introduction to the book (p.7) and also in a letter of 25 July 1794 to Kant, the only one that has been preserved from an exchange of letters which covered a period of more than four years, in which, as well as informing him of the efforts that he was making to spread the critical system in England, he let him know that he was writing, in English, an ‘Einleitung’ to the Kantian system ‘according to Reinhold’.” Giuseppe Micheli, ‘The Early Reception of Kant’s Thought in England 1785-1805’ in Kant and his Influence, edited George Macdonald Ross and Tony McWalter.

A translation appeared in 1798.

Monthly periodical of the London Corresponding Society which appeared for 12 months between 1796 and 1797.

A travelogue recording Wollstonecraft's visit to Sweden to sort our her husband's Imlay's financial affairs; it was widely admired by the Romantics, especially Coleridge.

Barruel argued the French Revolution erupted as a result of a conspiracy between the philosophes, the Freemasons and the Illuminati.

“In the present extraordinary state of human affairs, when the whole frame of society may seem almost in danger of dissolution, from the mischievous ferments occasioned by some novel principles of political and moral philosophy; an endeavour, though from the pen of an obscure individual, to abate these disorders, in a way of all others the most effectual, by directing the minds of men to a view of their duty and interest, has certainly some claim to public indulgence”. (From the Preface)

A vigorous defence of atheism.

Cobbett’s main work on the French Revolution, published four years after his departure from Havre. To give the work authenticity Cobbet states at the beginning that “facts are taken from L’histoire de clergé françois or the History of the French Clergy by the Abbé Barruel. The table of contents gives a good indication of the books’s character: “Women roasted alive and their flesh cut off and presented to men for food”; “Two women tied naked to the guillotine while their husbands are executed”; “Dreadful description of a prison, containing women and children”; “Sixty persons suffocated in the hatches of a drowning-boat”; “The Convention applauds the invention of the drowning-boat as an honour to France”.

Published in 2 volumes between 1797 and 1799, a translation appeared in 1927.

Translated as The Metaphysics of Morals, but often in two different parts, The Metaphysical Principles of Right, and The Metaphysical Principles of Virtue).

Written with Harriet Lee.

Published anonymously in Switzerland; “a powerful, brillantly written polemical treatise which contains a great many of his most orginal and influential theses”. (Berlin)

“I have seen, in my life, Frenchmen, Italians, Russians . . . but as for man, I declare that I have never met him in my life”. (Lyons/Paris, 1866, p.88)

Also published in Paris in the same year as Thomas Payne a la legislature et au directoir. Ou la justice agraire opposee a la lor agraire, et aux privileges agraire

A summary of Spalding's “reasonable Christianity”.

Includes criticism of David Hume and Adam Smith's attacks on religion.

Another of Restif's attempts to discredit Sade.

Written in 1788.

Written with Maria Edgeworth. Richard Edgeworth invented a plan for telegraphic communication between Dublin and Galway. He also devised many mechanical inventions, including a semaphore, a velocipede, a pedometer, a new land-measuring machine, and various forms of carriage. Edgeworth formed friendships with Thomas Day, and Erasmus Darwin; he visited Rousseau, according to whose system he educated his eldest son. He argued that education “should be based on an understanding of the child’s mind and this could be obtained by treating the subject as an experimental science in which the conversation of children was noted down.” (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1969)

Published between 1798 and 1799.

Published anonymously. Hays demanded vocational training for women and argued for the right to economic independence.

“But for a woman to be obliged to humour the follies, the caprice, the vices of men of a very different stamp, and to be obliged to consider this as their duty; is perhaps as unfortunate a system of politics in morals, as ever was introduced for degrading the human species.”

Musical drama which Lewis produced at Drury Lane in 1798.

Published in June, an expanded edition appeared in 1803.

A pro-war play which secured him a royal pension in 1798

Unfinished novel.

A work on the classification of diseases which established Pinel’s reputation. Pinel decided to devote himself to psychiatry after a friend, having gone mad, ran into the woods and was devoured by wolves.

Published in five volumes and edited by Mary Berry, a close companion in his last years.

One of the first critical works in English on Kant; it includes a translation of a passage from Kant’s Prolegomena. The work also discusses David Hume's impact on German philosophy.

Edited by William Godwin and published on 29 January, and includes Maria, or the Wrongs of Woman. A Fragment and his own Memoirs of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman.

Published anonymously in September. Joseph Cottle prints a few copies in Bristol, then in a confusing series of manoeuvers (perhaps motivated by financial difficulties) attempts to pass on his interest in the volume to London publishers--first Longman and then J. Arch. The volume is finally published by J. Arch on Oct. 4. Enroute to Germany, meanwhile, Wordsworth tries, without success, to have Cottle transfer the volume to Joseph Johnson in London, with whom Wordsworth has come to an independent agreement for publication.

Hays's second novel "depicted a female victim of rape who denounces the gender construction of chastity".

Herder wrote the Metacritique after Kant published a criticial review of his Ideas on the Philosophy of History of Humankind (1784-1791).

A sermon which contains criticism of David Hume.

Rectoral address which defended the sovereignty of the people.

Essays on Christian history.

A translation appeared in 1956.

A celebration of unbridled individualism.

A translation appeared in 1894. For Schleiermacher the essence of religion consists of the absolute dependence on the order of existence which is prior to reflection, speech and interaction - the experience of reverence for the world, “the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen.” (Hebrews 11.1)